Shock

Shock is caused by any condition that dangerously reduces the amount of blood or severely interrupts blood flow including: heart problems, bleeding, dehydration, severe burns, severe allergic reactions or infections.

This condition is not the same 'shock' you feel when you are frightened or surprised, it is much more serious and can be life threatening. It is important that you are able to recognise a casualty who is in shock and to apply the appropriate first aid management.

Signs and symptoms of shock can include:

• Faintness or dizziness
• Nausea/vomiting
• Pale, cold, sweaty skin
• Anxiety or agitation
• Thirst
• Rapid or shallow breaths
• Reduced level of consciousness, for example, confusion
• Rapid, weak pulse

Management of shock

• DRSABCD and seek medical help as soon as possible
• Treat the cause, for example, blood loss, if known and if possible
• If casualty is conscious, position on back and reassure
• Elevate the casualty's legs above the level of the heart, but
• Do not elevate legs if there are any fractures to the legs, injuries to the head, neck and spine or if an envenomation (poisonous bite/sting) has occurred to the lower limbs
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep the casualty warm. Cover with a blanket to maintain normal body temperature. However, be careful not to overheat
• Dress any wounds or immobilise any fractures
• Give nothing to eat or drink. Lips may be moistened if casualty complains of thirst
• Closely monitor signs of life
• Place in recovery position is casualty is unconscious and breathing, has difficulty in breathing or is at risk of vomiting

Allergic reactions

The word used to describe a severe allergic reaction is anaphylaxis. Although many people have allergies, very few experience an anaphylactic episode. An anaphylactic reaction occurs when a person is exposed to a substance to which they are extremely sensitive. This may be a food, food additive, chemical, medicine, bite or sting or synthetic materials such as latex. Common examples of allergic substances are peanuts, shell fish, MSG.

Caution - Anaphylaxis is life threatening and requires immediate first aid and urgent medical attention by calling 000 or 112(mobile).

Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)

Can include:

• Breathlessness and/or wheezing
• Chest tightness and/or palpitations
• Collapse and unconsciousness
• Itching
• Tiredness or weakness
• Anxiety or feelings of despair
• Difficulty in speaking
• Difficulty in swallowing
• Swelling to any part of the body, especially the face, neck and mouth
• Red marks and rashes anywhere on the body

Management of anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)

• DRSABCD and call 000 or 112 (mobile) immediately
• Give Basic Life Support as required
• Remove contact with allergen (if known and possible)
• If the allergic response is a result of a bite or sting, apply the Pressure Immobilisation Technique
• Assist in the administration of adrenaline (if available)

Some people who are aware of their potential to experience anaphylaxis may carry a pre-loaded adrenaline administration device (Epi-pen). It is recommended that you assist the person to administer their medication immediately.